CHALLENGES IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN ZACATECAS, MEXICO

Abstract

Goat (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) production is a key livelihood activity in Zacatecas, Mexico, but it faces increasing environmental, social, and economic pressures typical of dryland systems. This study offers an integrative narrative review with a systematic search and transparent selection criteria to synthesize evidence on the sustainability of goat production systems in Zacatecas. Peer-reviewed literature and technical documents were analyzed alongside official contextual indicators. The synthesis shows a decline in the caprine sector over recent census periods, with a producer profile marked by demographic vulnerability. Across the evidence, sustainability challenges stem from interconnected pathways where drought and rainfall variability decrease forage and water availability, worsen seasonal feed shortages, and boost reliance on purchased inputs, raising costs and increasing land degradation risks. These environmental pressures interact with herd management issues such as feeding, preventive health, parasite control, and reproduction, while limited access to coordinated services, infrastructure, and stable markets hampers value capture and reinvestment. Significant evidence gaps remain for Zacatecas-specific, outcome-based assessments (profitability during drought, rangeland condition metrics, health burdens, and value-chain performance), indicating the need for ongoing monitoring. Key leverage points include drought preparedness and feed planning, improving water access, preventive herd health, strengthening producer organizations and extension services, and developing feasible value-added options for dairy and meat products.